Reference: Airplane Flying Handbook FAA-H-8083-3 Advisory Circular 91-73
Attention: watch one video
Motivation: Runway incursions can create catastrophic emergencies, can kill a lot of people, can ruin your pilot career. That's why you need to know how to avoid this danger.
Objective: Determine that the student exhibits instructional knowledge and importance of the elements related to runway incursion avoidance by describing the elements on the following index.
Learning Objective (Index)
- Learning Objective (Index)
- Homework for the Student
- What is a Runway Incursion?
- Categories of Runway Incursions:
- Types of Deviation:
- Controlled vs Uncontrolled Airports
- Controlled Airports
- Uncontrolled Airport
- (Before Taxiing You Should Know) Airport Signs, Markings & Lights
- Review of the Student Pilot Home Work
- Assessing the Student
- Examples Of Marking and Signs
- Runway Holding Position Markings
- Taxiway - Runway Hold Position
- Enhance Centerline
- Hot Spots
- LAHSO Operations
- Night Considerations
- Aircraft Lighting and Night Ops
- Airport Lights
- Challenges to Taxiing
- Complex Taxiway Layout
- Low Visibility Taxiing
- Cockpit Activities
- Taxi Procedures
- Staying on Centerline
- Summary
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Homework for the Student
What is a Runway Incursion?
- Any occurence at an aerodrome involving the incorrect presence of an aircraft, vehicle or person on the protected area of a surface designated for the landing and takeoff of aircraft.
- It’s when a pilot, vehicle or pedestrian enter in an active runway without clearance.
- AC 91-73
Categories of Runway Incursions:
Category D | Category C | Category B | Category A | Accident |
with no immediate safety consequences. | An incident characterized by ample time and/or distance to avoid a collision. | An incident in which separation decreases and there is a significant potential for collision, which may result in a time critical corrective response to avoid a collision. | A serious incident in which a collision was narrowly avoided. | An incursion that resulted in collision. |
Types of Deviation:
Operational Incidents | Pilot Deviation | Vehicle/Pedestrian Deviations |
Action of an ATC that result in: | Action of a pilot: | Action of a vehicle or pedestrian: |
- Less than required minimum separation between 2 or more aircraft, or obstacles (vehicles, equipment, personnel) | - Violate any Federal Aviation Regulation | Entering any portion of the airport movement areas (runways/taxiways) without authorization from air traffic control |
- Clearing an aircraft to take off or land on a closed runway | Example: Pilot crosses a runway without a clearance while enroute to an airport gate |
Controlled vs Uncontrolled Airports
Controlled Airports
- We Do have Runway Incursion
- Read Back!!
- Read back properly ATC clearance
- Use proper pilot-controller phraseology
- Write down and review taxi instructions
- Ask ATC if you are ever unsure
- Follow ATC instructions
Uncontrolled Airport
- Report and Declare Intentions!!
- Look for aircraft in the local traffic pattern. (be wary in calm winds)
- Be alert. Communicate all intentions clearly.
- Maintain awareness of the other aircraft positions.
- Continuously monitor and talk on the CTAF (Common Traffic Advisory Frequency) frequency.
- Be aware of possible instrument approaches.
(Before Taxiing You Should Know) Airport Signs, Markings & Lights
Signs must be installed in accordance with FAA Advisory Circular AC 150/5340-18, Standards for Airport Sign Systems.
Review of the Student Pilot Home Work
Assessing the Student
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Examples Of Marking and Signs
Runway Holding Position Markings
Taxiway - Runway Hold Position
Enhance Centerline
Hot Spots
Def: Hot Spots on Airport Diagrams are areas of common confusion (amongst pilots) and-or areas of high congestion.
⚠️ Be sure to look for these and brief your plan to deal with them during the Taxi Briefing
Airport Diagram
Hot Spots Specifications
LAHSO Operations
Def: Landing and Hold Short Operations.
- If pilots accept a LAHSO, they must come to a complete stop prior to a crossing runway or taxiway for other traffic.
Airport Diagram
A FD
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Night Considerations
Why we need to have Night Considerations? Eyes Cones and Rods
- Be more cautious due to reduced visibility
- Maintain situational awareness and stay on your route
- Taxi at a slower speed
- Look closely at taxiway and runway markings and signs
- Use aircraft exterior lights to be visible to other pilots
Aircraft Lighting and Night Ops
Exterior aircraft lights makes the aircraft easier to see
Its important to know when to turn these lights on for night operations
Airport Lights
SMGCS Chart (Surface Movement Guidance Control System)
Challenges to Taxiing
Complex Taxiway Layout
- Ensure your properly write down and read back ALL taxi instructions
- Pay more attention to routing and hold short instructions
- If you are unsure of taxi clearance, ASK ATC! ask for clarification or request “Progressive taxi”
- If you are taxiing and get Lost, STOP! ASK for HELP. Macho or Invulnerability attitudes can create a runway incursion in this situation
Low Visibility Taxiing
- Students pilots should not taxi in low visibility operations
- Taxi Slower!
- Sunset and Sunrise can create low visibility
- If the airport is approved for Low Visibility Operations:
- Below 1,200 RVR, pilots should comply with ATC ground instructions while referencing a SMGCS Chart (Surface Movement Guidance Control System)
Cockpit Activities
- BRIEFINGS!!!
- Before Taxiing Briefings
- Taxi Instructions
- Hot Spots
- LAHSO
- Cross Active Runways
- Before Takeoff Briefings
- Intended takeoff runway
- Actual hold short runway
- Departure heading (set heading box)
- Before Landings Briefings (IFR, VFR)
- Final approach heading
- Runway for intended landing
- Runway landing clearance
- Read Backs
- Take Notes on your knee board or ipad
- Highlight your taxiing clearance on your Airport Diagram
- LOOK OUTSIDE while aircraft is moving
Example of a Taxiway in the middle of 2 Active Runways
Taxi Procedures
- Preflight planning
- Be familiar with the airport and airport diagram
- When ready for taxi, prepare your knee board or Ipad for copy taxi instructions
- Contact Ground
- Name of Airport Ground
- Type of aircraft
- Tail number
- Your location
- Intended direction departure
- With information # (Letter of the actual ATIS)
Staying on Centerline
Summary
- Increase Situational Awareness
- Look Outside
- Reduce Work Load while Taxiing
- Know where you are and What are you doing
- Read Back Always
- Ask for HELP
- If you are LOST, STOP!!!