Reference: AC 90-48E
Attention:
Motivation:
Objective:
Learning Objective (Index)
- Learning Objective (Index)
- Home Work
- Intro
- Scanning for Traffic
- General Right of Way Rules
- Situational Right of Way Rules
- Aircraft Converging to a Point
- Approaching Head On
- Overtaking Another Aircraft
- Final Approach and Landing
- Aircraft Blind Spots
- Clearing Procedures
- Before Takeoff
- Climbs and Descents
- Entering the Traffic Patter
- VOR Sites
- Training Operations
- Reaction Time for Collision Avoidance
- Pilot Deviation
- Approved Deviation
- Unapproved Deviation
- Spatial Disorientation
- Vestibular System
- Visual System
- Somatosensory System
- Vestibular Illusions
- Inversion Illusion
- Coriolis Illusion
- Elevator Illusion
- Leans
- Graveyard Spiral-Spin
- Somatogravic Illusion
- Visual Illusions
- False Horizon Illusion
- Autokinesis
- Runway With Illusion
- Runway Slope Illusion
- Featureless Terrain, Water Refraction and Haze
- Ground Lighting
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Home Work
Intro
Talk about DEAN International
Scanning for Traffic
- Its very important to maintain all the flight the situational awareness looking for traffic when we are on straight and level flight, climbs, descents
- The best way to scan for traffic is in a series of short sections of 10º from left to ride.
General Right of Way Rules
91.113 All people operating an aircraft shall maintain positive scanning and see and avoid other traffic, following the right of way rules
Aircraft in Distress
Ballon
Glider
Airship
Aircraft Towing
Airplane and Helicopter
Situational Right of Way Rules
Aircraft Converging to a Point
- Aircraft to the RIGHT has the Right of way
Approaching Head On
- When aircraft are approaching head-on, or nearly so, each pilot shall alter course to the RIGHT
Overtaking Another Aircraft
- When an aircraft is being overtaken, that aircraft has the right of way and pilots of the overtaking aircraft shall course to the RIGHT to pass well clear
Final Approach and Landing
- Aircraft on final approach to land or landing have the Right of Way over other aircraft in flight or operating on the surface
- When two or more aircraft are approaching an airport, the aircraft with the lower altitude has the Right of Wa
Aircraft Blind Spots
Clearing Procedures
- All pilots should clear the area before start the engine, taxi, takeoffs, turns and landings
Before Takeoff
- Prior to taxiing onto a taxiway or runway, pilots need to clear the area
- Scan for traffic approaching the airport or in the traffic pattern
Climbs and Descents
- During climbs and descents when you cannot see the airspace you are flying into, make some gentle left and right turns to scan for traffic on either side
Entering the Traffic Patter
- Enter the traffic pattern while descending should be avoided
- To enter into the traffic patter should be on a 45º angle to the Downwind leg
VOR Sites
- Due to heavy trafficked areas, be extra diligent around VOR sited and intersections
Training Operations
- 90º Clearing turns should be used when training and practicing flight maneuvers
Reaction Time for Collision Avoidance
- The risk of a midair collision can generally be higher when a fast flying aircraft is involved in the situation
- Research has shown that the average person has a reaction time of 12,5 seconds
- If some practice of detection for traffic are not implemented properly, the reaction time for collision avoidance will increase
Pilot Deviation
Approved Deviation
- Regulations authorized pilots to deviate from ATC instructions under the following circumstances
- Response to a Traffic Alert and Collision Avoidance System
- In an Emergency
Unapproved Deviation
- Deviate from a heading or altitude
- Entering airspace without approval
- Runway incursion
- and more...
Spatial Disorientation
Lack of orientation with regard to the position, attitude, or movement of the airplane in space.
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Vestibular System
Organs found in the inner ear that sense position by the way we are balanced
Visual System
Eyes - Which sense position based on what is seen
Somatosensory System
Nerves in the skin, muscles, and joints that sense position based on gravity and feeling.
Vestibular Illusions
Inversion Illusion
When change from a climb to a straight an level flight, the pilot can have the illusion of enter on a descent
Coriolis Illusion
Is when a pilot has been in a turn long enough for the fluid in the semicircular canal to move at the same speed as the canal. A movement of the head may set the fluid moving, creating the illusion of turning or accelerating on an entirely different axis
Elevator Illusion
An abrupt upward or downward vertical acceleration can simulate on the otoliths organs to feel a climb or descent, making the pilot put the airplane in a pitch up or pitch down attitude
Leans
Sudden return to level flight following a gradual and prolonged turn that went unnoticed by the pilot
Graveyard Spiral-Spin
In a prolonged, coordinated, constant-rate turn a pilot may experience the illusion of not turning. During the recovery to level flight, the pilot will experience the feeling of turning to the opposite direction, entering in a bank, losing lift (Spiral)
Somatogravic Illusion
Acceleration feels a climb, Deceleration feels a descent
Visual Illusions
False Horizon Illusion
Pilot may confuse the horizon with a slope, ground light at night, clouds, stars and try to align the airplane with that false horizon
- Sloping cloud formation
- Obscured horizon
- Aurora borealis
- Certain geometric patterns of ground lights
Autokinesis
Autokinesis occurs when our brain sees motion or movement that is not actually occurring.
- When the pilot see a star, light and feel it is moving, but in reality not
- Also can happen with some images
Runway With Illusion
Runway Slope Illusion
A downsloping runway can create the illusion that the airplane is lower than it actually is, leading in a higher approach
A upsloping runway can create the illusion that the airplane is higher than it actually is, leading in a lower approach
Featureless Terrain, Water Refraction and Haze
The lack of detail of the terrain creates the illusion of being higher or further away than actual
Ground Lighting
Bright Runway lights and approach light systems may create the illusion of less distance to the runway, creating a higher approach
- The pilot who does not recognize this illusion will often fly a higher approach.
Lights along a straight path, such as a road, and even lights on moving trains can be mistaken for runway and approach lights.
